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The study of Zauberga’s manipulation typologies application to Persian translations of “The Sound and The Fury | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Review of Applied Linguistics Research | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
مقاله 4، دوره 2، شماره 2، آذر 2016، صفحه 69-87 اصل مقاله (608.42 K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
نوع مقاله: Original Article | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
نویسنده | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shima Farahmand | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M.A. candidate, Kerman Institute of Higher Education | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
چکیده | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manipulation is regarded as a particular phenomenon in translation and is used as a strategy to change the current state of affairs. This change aims to influence the target audience, to mediate the cultural gap, and to facilitate the understanding. The present study was an attempt to apply comparative analysis to the novel of “The Sound and the Fury” by William Faulkner along with its two Persian translations to seek the most frequent translational manipulation occurring in translation process by taking into consideration two periods employed by the translators in 1353 and 1393. The manipulation typology proposed by Zauberga (2004) was used as a framework. Then, the translational manipulations were determined in each historical context by using the examples extracted from the corpus. It was also found what types of manipulations were the most frequent. Some suggestions were made about manipulative aspect of translation based on ideological and cultural implications of the study. It was concluded that the most frequent translational manipulation was substitution in 1393. Another finding of the study was related to both ideology of the translator and society. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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manipulation؛ Translation؛ historical context؛ ideological implication | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
اصل مقاله | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1. Introduction
Manipulation is the handling of a text leading into the adaptation of a text for the target audience. It is due to cultural, ideological, linguistic, and literary differences between the cultures which is manifested through translation. That is carried out by human agent in a specific cultural setting. Fairclough (1994,p.2360) described manipulation in everyday life as “the strategies that people use to get others to do what they want them to do which are partly linguistic, involving manipulation uses of language.” Further he defined linguistic manipulation as "the conscious use of language in a devious way to control others” and explained that "using language in a devious way” is to use language in a way which hides one’s strategies and objectives”(ibid ,p.2360). David Katan (1999) thought that manipulation is a part and parcel of translation. He began the argument by quoting the Collins English dictionary (1991) where the word to manipulate is defined as follows:
According to Hermans, manipulation is a type of text handling on the part of translator aimed at bringing “The target text into line with a particular model and hence a particular or correctness notion, and in so doing secure social acceptance, even acclaimed” (Shuttleworth and Cowie 1997,p.101 ). Manipulation can be seen as translation strategy. As Venuti (2001,p.240) stated that “ strategies of translation involve the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text to be translated and developing a method to translate it”. Thus, Didaoui described manipulation as a translator’s handling of a text as a result of which the text becomes “adapted for the target reader” (1995,p.524) through the application of “cultural filter” (House,1998,p.199), trying to accommodate and deal with the “socio-cultural, ideological and literary constrains which lie behind the production of a text”(shuttle worth and cowie,1997,p.1470). Pym (1992,p.173) also spoke of “displaced texts”. According to him, they are the product of text transfer. This group included not only transferred foreign texts, but also “the result of textual reproduction and representation through procedures like publication, citation, commentary, elaboration, editing, paraphrase, and summary” (ibid,p.174). He saw translation as a product within this range. So translation could be seen as manipulation because it takes a text out of its natural context and places it in a new context, thus manipulation both the source and the target poles. Further, Farahzad (1999) approached (translational) manipulation from the perspective of Gestalt psychology. She divided manipulation into conscious and Unconscious one. The unconscious manipulation is the “ human tendency to perceive the incomplete as complete” (ibid), which urges translators to fill in gaps in the source text by adding new parts to it or assuming new relations between parts, in order to come up with a complete picture of it. Conscious manipulation results from the conscious processes.“ the conscious processes leads to conscious manipulation intentionally carried out by translator because of various social, political and other factors”.( Farahzad1999,p.153). In this regard, Zauberga (2001) in the text-book for translation students explained manipulation with reference to the manipulation school and ideology. A movement which was centered in Israel, the Netherlands and Belgium lead to the establishment of manipulation school. The scholars associated with this school are mainly concerned with literary texts, their translations and culture-related aspect of translation. The scholars of this school view translation studies as a branch of comparative literature. They also believe that any translation might be characterized as manipulation due to the factors that are at work in the process of translation. In general, an improvement is a change made to something to make it better. In case of translations, it is the improvement of some or more element of the source text or message. Distortion is the changing of the Meaning or purpose of something which doesn’t correspond to the truth. In case of translation, it is the changing of the input information in a way that makes it differ from the original and misrepresents it. This can be done in various ways, for example by adding or omitting parts of the message, changing the tone or meaning of original (Dukate2007).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In general, translational manipulation has not been a widely discussed topic of late, at least not by scholars writing in English, Lativian and German. Thus, the Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (19981/2001) makes no mention of manipulation at all; the Dictionary of Translation Studies (1997) contains a reference on the Manipulation School, but provides no definition or explanation of manipulation as a term in translation studies nor do they cite any samples of manipulation in translation. Scholars writing on the manipulative aspects of translation concentrate on one particular text type; usually literary texts, or on one particular type of manipulation, usually ideological manipulation or (inter)cultural manipulation, and disregard other types of manipulation. Although manipulation and translation as manipulation are relatively familiar and old notions in Translation Studies, it seems that there is a problem with conceptualizing them. In the case of manipulation the edges of the various types of manipulation are fuzzy, and sometimes it is difficult to clearly distinguish one type of manipulation from the other. Some types of manipulation also come close to error or mistakes.
1.3 Significance of the Study
Through the consideration of the changes used in the novel and applying the mentioned typologies, it can help the reader to be familiar more with the manipulation typologies in two different historical contexts based on ideological and cultural implication. The study offers a corpus of opinions of practitioners on manipulation in translation to ease the work of researchers and also a corpus of novel gathered to describe extensive evidence of changes made in translation compared to original and related these changes as improvement of the text.
1.4 Objective of the Study
Till the present day, “ the concept of manipulation has not been introduced into research”(Dukate2007) and few scholars found manipulation typologies in the novel. This is almost the first venture into the field of manipulation. The present study offers an overview of manipulation in the context of translation and compares two different historical contexts to identify the most frequent Zauberga’s (2004) manipulation typology employed by translators. In addition, the study explores ideological implications of the results and also presents findings of the research in the form of a table.
1.5 Research questions
In this study the following research questions are addressed: 1. What types of manipulation proposed by Zauberga are used most frequently in the translation of The Sound and the Furry?
2. Did the ideology play a role in the translations of the selected corpus?
2.Methodology
2.1 Data Collection
The aim of this study is to analyze the translational manipulation in Persian translations of Faulkner’s the Sound and the Fury by Sholevar (1353) and Hosseni (1393) to determine the most frequently used manipulation typologies in two different historical contexts based on ideological implications. This study is a comparative research. The data of this study was examined based on Zauberga’s manipulation typologies
2.2 Data classification
After collecting the data, the researcher has classified manipulated text according to Zauberga’s manipulation typologies. These types of manipulation are as follows:
1.Deletion Deletion is a type of lexical transformation when some source text units are omitted in the translation for different reasons.(Zauberga 2004;p.136).
2.Addition Addition is another type of manipulation which becomes necessary due to large-scale omissions.
3.Substitution Substitution is a type of grammatical transformation when either separate language units or whole constructions are replaced by other form or constructions (Zuaberga2004,p.107). Substitutions were made both on ideological and moral grounds.
4.Attenuation Attenuation was another widely used strategy applied due to moral considerations to mitigate taboo words or “upgrade” substandard language.
2.3 Data analysis
The study offers the following list of instances of ideological manipulation. This study has presented the examples according to Zauberga’s typologies (2001) in the form of a table. The table reflects the manipulation types and examples which are extracted from the corpus.
The following examples are taken from the novel translated by Sholevar and Hosseini in 1353 and 1393.
Attenuation (Softening) :
Attenuation is widely used as a moral consideration to mitigate taboo words. Due to the ideology of society and translator, rude words have been consistently omitted in literary works. Thus , translation of Faulkner’s The Sound and the Furry by Hosseinicontains numerous softening mentioned in the above table.
Omission
The aforementioned elements omitted in the second translation don’t change the meaning definitely . It is clear that all of the omissions have been made by Hosseini can be due to political and moral consideration.
Substitution
Most of the above substitutions printed in bold face can be due to ideological and moral grounds.
Addition
In the above examples, additions to the translation increase the accuracy and the clarity.
3.Conclusion
This study found that from four manipulation typologies proposed by Zauberga (2004 ), the most frequently applied translational manipulation was “substitution”. The data also indicated that the second translational manipulation used by translator was “attenuation” which showed the cultural differences. It means that the manipulations are results of cultural, ideological, historical and political implication. The study also showed that the application of Zauberga’s manipulation typologies was more in Hosseini’s translation. The results obtained from data analysis support that a large number of manipulations were directly related to ideology of both translator and society. To certain extent, translators have succeeded to employ proposed manipulation typologies; however, employing “attenuation” can be considered as one of the most significant example of ideological and political implication. Taking into consideration, the proposed manipulation typologies overlooked in Sholevar’s translation aren’t problematic .Generally speaking, there shouldn’t be a relationship between the performance of the translators and the chronological order of their translation. Each translation judged on its own merits at its own type because each period of time possesses its own translating conventions and in order for a translation to become a smash hit, it should conform to these conventions since the convention changes over time. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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